Lucines: Family Lucinidae
There are two main types of Lucines I collect regulaly on S. Hutchinson Island, The Thick Lucine and the Buttercup Lucine. I have only a couple examples of Tiger Lucine. From my archaic site I've dug up several matching halves of the Tiger Lucine, which have lost their color in the millions of years they've been buried but they still have the remarkable patterns.
Two Buttercup Lucines with gray bands from S. Hutchinson Island 2020
Set of archaic Tiger Lucines, August, 2021- S. Hutchinson Island
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Lucinidae
Temporal range: Silurian – Present
Divaricella huttoniana (rotated).jpg
Divaricella huttoniana
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Subclass: Heterodonta
Order: Lucinida
Superfamily: Lucinoidea
Family: Lucinidae
Fleming, 1828
Genera
Lucinidae is a family of saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs.
These bivalves are remarkable for their endosymbiosis with sulphide-oxidizing bacteria.[1]
Contents
1 Characteristics
2 Symbiosis
3 Genera and species
4 References
Characteristics
The members of this family are found in muddy sand or gravel at or below low tide mark. They have characteristically rounded shells with forward-facing projections. The valves are flattened and etched with concentric rings. Each valve bears two cardinal and two plate-like lateral teeth. These molluscs do not have siphons but the extremely long foot makes a channel which is then lined with slime and serves for the intake and expulsion of water.[2]
Symbiosis
Lucinids host their sulfur-oxidizing symbionts in specialized gill cells called bacteriocytes.[3] Lucinids are burrowing bivalves that live in environments with sulfide-rich sediments.[4] The bivalve will pump sulfide-rich water over its gills from the inhalant siphon in order to provide symbionts with sulfur and oxygen.[4] The endosymbionts then use these substrates to fix carbon into organic compounds, which are then transferred to the host as nutrients.[5] During periods of starvation, lucinids may harvest and digest their symbionts as food.[5]
Symbionts are acquired via phagocytosis of bacteria by bacterioctyes.[6] Symbiont transmission occurs horizontally, where juvenile lucinids are aposymbiotic and acquire their symbionts from the environment in each generation.[7] Lucinids maintain their symbiont population by reacquiring sulfur-oxidizing bacteria throughout their lifetime.[8] Although process of symbiont acquisition is not entirely characterized, it likely involves the use of the binding protein, codakine, isolated from the lucinid bivalve, Codakia orbicularis.[9] It is also known that symbionts do not replicate within bacteriocytes because of inhibition by the host. However, this mechanism is not well understood.[8]
Lucinid bivalves originated in the Silurian; however, they did not diversify until the late Cretaceous, along with the evolution of seagrass meadows and mangrove swamps.[10] Lucinids were able to colonize these sulfide rich sediments because they already maintained a population of sulfide-oxidizing symbionts. In modern environments, seagrass, lucinid bivalves, and the sulfur-oxidizing symbionts constitute a three-way symbiosis. Because of the lack of oxygen in coastal marine sediments, dense seagrass meadows produce sulfide-rich sediments by trapping organic matter that is later decomposed by sulfate-reducing bacteria.[11] The lucinid-symbiont holobiont removes toxic sulfide from the sediment, and the seagrass roots provide oxygen to the bivalve-symbiont system.[11]
The symbionts from at least two species of lucinid clams, Codakia orbicularis and Loripes lucinalis, are able to fix nitrogen gas into organic nitrogen.[12][13]
Genera and species
The species and genera include:
Alucinoma Habe, 1958
Alucinoma soyae Habe, 1958
Anodontia Link, 1807
Anodontia alba Link, 1807 – buttercup lucine
Anodontia edentula (Linnaeus, 1758)
Anodontia edentuloides (Verrill, 1870)
Anodontia hawaiensis (Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938)
Anodontia ovum (Reeve, 1850)
Anodontia philippiana (Reeve, 1850) – chalky buttercup
Anodontia vesicula (Gould, 1850)
Bretskya Glover & Taylor, 2007
Bretskya scapula Glover & Taylor, 2007
Cardiolucina
Cardiolucina undula Glover & Taylor, 2007
Cavilucina
Chavania
Chavania striata (Tokunaga, 1906)
Clathrolucina J. D. Taylor & Glover, 2013
Clathrolucina costata (d'Orbigny, 1845)
Codakia Scopoli, 1777
Codakia cubana Dall, 1901
Codakia decussata (O. G. Costa, 1836)
Codakia distinguenda (Tryon, 1872)
Codakia orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) – tiger lucine
Codakia orbiculata (Montagu, 1808) – dwarf tiger lucine
Codakia paytenorum (Iredale, 1937)
Codakia pectinella (C. B. Adams, 1852)
Codakia punctata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Codakia tigerina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Ctena Mörch, 1860
Ctena bella (Conrad, 1837)
Ctena transversa
Divalinga Chavan, 1951
Divalinga quadrisulcata (d'Orbigny, 1842)
Divaricella von Martens, 1880
Divaricella angulifera (d'Orbigny, 1842)
Divaricella dentata (W. Wood, 1815) – dentate lucine
Divaricella divaricata
Divaricella huttoniana (Vanatta, 1901)
Divaricella quadrisulcata (d'Orbigny, 1842) – cross-hatched lucine
Epicodakia Iredale, 1930
Epicodakia neozelanica Powell, 1937
Epicodakia nodulosa Glover & Taylor, 2007
Epicodakia sweeti (Hedley, 1899)
Epilucina Dall, 1901
Epilucina californica (Conrad, 1837)
Ferrocina Glover & Taylor, 2007
Ferrocina multiradiata Glover & Taylor, 2007
Fimbria (traditionally placed in the separate family Fimbriidae)
Fimbria fimbriata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Fimbria soverbii (Reeve, 1842)
Funafutia
Funafutia levukana (Smith, 1885)
Gonimyrtea Marwick, 1929
Gonimyrtea avia Glover & Taylor, 2007
Gonimyrtea concinna (Hutton, 1885)
Gonimyrtea fidelis Glover & Taylor, 2007
Here Gabb, 1866
Here excavata (Carpenter, 1857)
Here ricthofeni (Gabb, 1866)
Lepidolucina Glover & Taylor, 2007
Lepidolucina belepia Glover & Taylor, 2007
Leucosphaera Taylor & Glover, 2005
Leucosphaera diaphana Glover & Taylor, 2007
Leucosphaera salamensis (Thiele & Jaeckel, 1931)
Linga De Gregorio, 1884
Linga amiantus (Dall, 1886)
Linga cancellaris (Philippi, 1846)
Linga columbella Lamarck, 1819
Linga excavata (Carpenter, 1857)
Linga leucocyma Dall, 1886
Linga leucocymoides (Lowe, 1935)
Linga pensylvanica (Linnaeus, 1758)
Linga sombrerensis (Dall, 1886)
Linga undatoides (Hertlein and Strong, 1945)
Liralucina Glover & Taylor, 2007
Liralucina craticula Glover & Taylor, 2007
Liralucina lifouina Glover & Taylor, 2007
Liralucina sperabilis (Hedley, 1909)
Liralucina vaubani Glover & Taylor, 2007
Loripes Poli, 1791
Loripes lucinalis (Lamarck, 1818)
Lucina Bruguière, [1797][14]
Lucina amiantus (Dall, 1901) – decorated lucine
Lucina bermudensis Dall, 1901
Lucina excavata
Lucina fenestrata Hinds, 1845
Lucina floridana Conrad, 1833, now Stewartia floridana [15]
Lucina keenae Chavan, 1971
Lucina leucocyma Dall, 1886 – four-ribbed lucine
Lucina muricata (Spengler, 1798)
Lucina nassula (Conrad, 1846)
Lucina nuttalli (Conrad, 1791)
Lucina pectinata (Gmelin, 1791)
Lucina pensylvanica (Linnaeus, 1758) – Pennsylvania lucine
Lucina radians (Conrad, 1841)
Lucina sombrerensis Dall, 1886
Lucina trisulcata Conrad, 1841
Lucinella Monterosato, 1883
Lucinella divaricata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Lucinisca Dall, 1901
Lucinisca muricata (Spengler, 1798)
Lucinisca nassula (Conrad, 1846)
Lucinisca nuttalli (Conrad, 1837)
Lucinoma Dall, 1901
Lucinoma aequizonatum (Stearns, 1890)
Lucinoma annulatum (Reeve, 1850)
Lucinoma atlantis R. A. Mclean, 1936
Lucinoma blakeanum (Bush, 1893)
Lucinoma borealis
Lucinoma filosa (Stimpson, 1851)
Lucinoma filosum (Stimpson, 1851)
Lucinoma galathea Marwick, 1953)
Lucinoma heroica (Dall, 1901)
Lucinoma kazani Salas & Woodside, 2002
Myrtea Turton, 1822
Myrtea compressa (Dall, 1881)
Myrtea lens (A. E. Verrill and S. Smith, 1880)
Myrtea pristiphora Dall and Simpson, 1901
Myrtea sagrinata (Dall, 1886)
Myrtea spinifera Montagu, 1803
Myrtina Glover & Taylor, 2007
Myrtina leptolira Glover & Taylor, 2007
Myrtina porcata Glover & Taylor, 2007
Notomyrtea Iredale, 1924
Notomyrtea botanica Hedley, 1918
Notomyrtea vincentia Glover & Taylor, 2007
Parvidontia Glover & Taylor, 2007
Parvidontia laevis Glover & Taylor, 2007
Parvilucina Dall, 1901
Parvilucina approximata (Dall, 1901)
Parvilucina blanda (Bland and Simpson, 1901)
Parvilucina lampra (Dall, 1901)
Parvilucina lingualis (Carpenter, 1864)
Parvilucina mazatlanica (Carpenter, 1855)
Parvilucina multilineata (Tuomey and Holmes, 1857)
Parvilucina tenuisculpta (Carpenter, 1864)
Pillucina Pilsbry, 1921
Pillucina copiosa Glover & Taylor, 2007
Pillucina hawaiiensis
Pillucina spaldingi Pilsbry, 1921
Pillucina pacifica Glover & Taylor, 2001
Poumea Glover & Taylor, 2007
Poumea coselia Glover & Taylor, 2007
Pseudomiltha
Pseudomiltha floridana (Conrad, 1833)
Pseudomiltha tixierae Klein, 1967
Solelucina Glover & Taylor, 2007
Solelucina koumacia Glover & Taylor, 2007
Stewartia Olsson, A. & Harbison, A. 1953
Stewartia floridana (Conrad, 1833)
Wallucina
Wallucina fijiensis (Smith, 1885)
References
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Roeselers, Guus; Newton, Irene L. G. (2012-02-22). "On the evolutionary ecology of symbioses between chemosynthetic bacteria and bivalves". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 94 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1007/s00253-011-3819-9. ISSN 0175-7598. PMC 3304057. PMID 22354364.
Seilacher, Adolf (1990-01-01). "Aberrations in bivalve evolution related to photo‐ and chemosymbiosis". Historical Biology. 3 (4): 289–311. doi:10.1080/08912969009386528. ISSN 0891-2963.
König, Sten; Le Guyader, Hervé; Gros, Olivier (2015-02-01). "Thioautotrophic bacterial endosymbionts are degraded by enzymatic digestion during starvation: Case study of two lucinids Codakia orbicularis and C. orbiculata" (PDF). Microscopy Research and Technique. 78 (2): 173–179. doi:10.1002/jemt.22458. ISSN 1097-0029. PMID 25429862. S2CID 24772017.
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